A report written by Dr Joana Cook and Gina Vale for the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation (ICSR) in London and titled "From Daesh to ‘Diaspora’: Tracing the Women and Minors of Islamic State" shades new light as to the composition of DAESH especially foreign members.

According to the report the Islamic State (IS) in Iraq and Syria counts with some 41,490 international citizens from 80 countries.

In the first global dataset of its scope and detail, up to 4,761 (13%) of these were recorded to be women, and 4,640 (12%) of these minors.

The report also finds that Eastern Asia saw the highest proportion of recorded IS-affiliated women and minors at up to 70%, followed by Eastern Europe (44%); Western Europe (42%); the Americas, Australia and New Zealand (36%); Central Asia (30%); South-Eastern Asia (35%); Southern Asia (27%); Middle East and North Africa (MENA, 8%); and sub-Saharan Africa (<1%).

The report authors concede that due a gross lack of data for many countries there are significant gaps in real figures for women and minors globally.

These gaps, the authors said, are particularly concentrated in the MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region which had the highest number of IS affiliates in Syria and Iraq,  18,852.

The report also underlines the fact that the number of recorded infants born inside the IS’ ‘caliphate’ to international parents – at least 730 – has also led to an underestimation of minors that must now be accounted for as foreign returnees.

A chapter of the report is dedicated to IS affiliates and status after the fall of the ‘caliphate’ in Raqqa city which was liberated by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) last year.

The report maps out in detail the diverse trajectories of IS foreign affiliates after the fall of the ‘caliphate’: from those who were killed in Syria and Iraq; executed by IS from within their own ranks; detained by regional authorities; involved in detainee exchanges; repatriated to their home nations; in third-party countries; or whose status is simply unknown.

The authors recorded up to 7,366 persons who have now returned to their home countries (20%), or appear to be in repatriation processes to do so.

Only 256 (4%) of total returnees are recorded as women, accounting for up to 5% of the women who travelled to Syria and Iraq.

Up to 1,180 (17%) of total returnees are recorded as minors, accounting for up to 25% of minors who travelled to, or were born in, Iraq and Syria.

South-Eastern Asia saw the highest proportion of female and minor returnees at up to 59%, followed by Western Europe (55%); Central Asia (48%); Sub-Saharan Africa (33%); Eastern Europe (18%); Americas, Australia New Zealand (8%); Southern Asia (<1%); and MENA (<1%). There were no returnees accounted for in Eastern Asia.

The report states that "women and minors are poised to play a significant role in carrying forward the ideology and legacy of IS after the physical fall of its ‘caliphate’ in late 2017".

The report suggests, in a chapter called Best Practices, that "women and minors be considered as distinct and complex categories, each with varying levels of agency. Do not reference them in singular categories (‘women and children’, families,’ and so forth)".